Shan's dailylife

I knew we all had changed so much
from the first day we said hello to each other
The first time
we appeared in one photo
and the last thing
we had to say goodbye

Whatever came within these shallow days
I will never cease to fly if held down
as you taught me to laugh and to see
I will always missing you
for the four years passed with you

引用

XPSPEAK

 

Shirley + Linear Background

1. The Shirley + Linear background has been added for sloping backgrounds

· The "Shirley + Linear" background is the Shirley background plus a straight line with starting point at the low BE end-point and with a slope value

· If the slope value is zero, the original Shirley calculation is used

· If the slope value is positive, the straight line has higher values at the high BE side, which can be used for spectra with higher background intensities at the high BE side

· Similarly, a negative slope value can be used for a spectrum with lower background intensities at the high BE side

2. The Optimization button may be used when the Shirley background is higher at some point than the signal intensities

· The program will increase the slope value until the Shirley background is below the signal intensities

· Please see the example below - Cu2p_bg.xps - which shows background subtraction using the Shirley method (This spectrum was sent to Dr Kwok by Dr. Roland Schlesinger).

· A shows the problematic background when the Shirley background is higher than the signal intensities. In the Shirley calculation routine, some negative values were generated and resulted in a non-monotonic increase background

· B shows a "Shirley + Linear" background. The slope value was input by trial-and-error until the background was lower than the signal intensities

· C was obtained using the optimisation routine

A slope = 0

B slope = 11

C slope = 15.17

Note: The background subtraction calculation cannot completely remove the background signals. For quantitative studies, the best procedure is "consistency". See Future Versions, (Page 2).

Tougaard

For a Tougaard background, the program can optimise the B1 parameter by minimising the "square of the difference" of the intensities of ten data points in the high binding energy side of the range with the intensities of the calculated background.

Adding/Adjusting the Background

Note: The Background MUST be correct before Peaks can be added. As with all backgrounds, the range needs to include as much of your peak as possible and as little of anything else as possible.

1. Make sure the file of interest is open and the appropriate region is active

2. Click on Background in the upper window

· The Region 0 box comes up, which contains the information about the background

3. Adjust the following as necessary. See Note.

· High BE (This value needs to be within the range of your data)

· Low BE (This value needs to be within the range of your data)

NOTE: High and Low BE are not automatically within the range of your data. CHECK CAREFULLY THAT BOTH ENDS OF THE BACKGROUND ARE INSIDE THE EDGE OF YOUR DATA. Nothing will happen otherwise.

· No. of Ave. Pts at end-points. See Averaging, (Page 7)

· Background Type

· Note for Shirley + Linear:

To perform the Shirley + Linear Optimisation routine:

a) Have the file of interest open

b) From the upper window, click on Background

c) In the resulting box, change or optimise the Shirley + Linear Slope as desired

· Using Optimize in the Shirley + Linear window can cause problems. Adjust manually if necessary

3. Click on Accept when satisfied

Adding/Adjusting Peaks

Note: The Background MUST be correct before peaks can be added. Nothing will happen otherwise. See previous section.

· To add a peak, from the Region Window, click on Add Peak

· The peak window appears

· This may be adjusted as below using the Peak Window which will have opened automatically

In the XPS Peak Processing (lower) window, there will be a list of Regions, which are all the open files, and beside each of these will be numbers representing the synthetic peaks included in that region.

Synthetic Peaks

Regions (files)

1. Click on a region number to activate that region

· The active region will be displayed in the upper window

2. Click on a peak number to start adjusting the parameters for that peak.

· The Processing window for that peak will open

3. Click off Fix to adjust the following using the maximum/minimum arrow keys provided:

· Peak Type. (i.e. orbital – s, p, d, f)

· S.O.S (Δ eV between the two halves of the peak)

· Position

· FWHM

· Area

· %Lorenzian-Gaussian

· See the notes for explanations of how Asymmetry works.

4. Click on Accept when satisfied

Peak Types: p, d and f.

1. Each of these peaks combines the two splitting peaks

2. The FWHM is the same for both the splitting peaks, e.g. a p-type peak with FWHM=0.7eV is the combination of a p_3/2 with FWHM at 0.7eV and a p_1/2 with FWHM at 0.7eV, and with an area ratio of 2 to 1

3. If the theoretical area ratio is not true for the split peaks, the old way of setting two s-type peaks and adding the constraints should be used.

· The S.O.S. stands for spin orbital splitting.

Note: The FWHM of the p, d or f peaks are the FWHM of the p_3/2, d_5/2 or f_7/2, respectively. The FWHM of the combined peaks (e.g. combination of p_3/2 and p_1/2) is shown in the actual FWHM in the Peak Parameter Window.

TTHE NEW YORK TIMES:Western Experts Monitor China’s Nuclear Sites for Signs of Earthquake Damage

"China’s main complex for making nuclear warhead fuel, codenamed Plant 821, is beside a river in a hilly, forested part of the earthquake zone. It is some 15 miles northwest of Guangyuan in Sichuan Province. The vast site holds China’s largest production reactor and factories that mine its spent fuel for plutonium — the main ingredient for modern nuclear arms.

"It is unclear if the plutonium-production reactor at Plant 821 has operated recently. Mr. Kristensen of the Federation of American Scientists said China was expanding its nuclear forces to 240 warheads in its overall stockpile from around 200.

"A senior federal official, who spoke on the condition of anonymity because of the delicacy of the issue, said the United States was using spy satellites and other means to try to monitor the sprawling nuclear plants. “There appear to be no immediate concerns,” the official said."

Why the Americans are always telling us Chinese People what has happened in China?  And our government will never publish it until the whole word have know it but we Chinese People.

28號中午乘上開往松江火車站的公交，到昌化已經是晚上9點鐘了。幸好在杭州趕上了到臨安的末班車，在臨安也正好趕上去昌化的最后一班車，雖然下著雨，住下路口的小旅館的時候還是很得意。五十塊就可以讓兩個人舒舒服服地睡一晚，實在是……太劃算的事情了！
早上六點三刻自然醒，八點乘上公交，九點五十上山，一路狂奔。

手里頭僅有的資料就是這么一份地圖，因為沒有打算在山里面住，一路上就怕自己腳力不夠，走到荒山野地里面的時候天一黑，前不著村后不著店的，再來個手機又沒信號，叫天天不應，叫地地不靈，可不是開玩笑的事情，于是除了吃個飯拍個照的短暫停留，兩腿時刻運動，翻山-越嶺。
9：34，浙基田。
9：50，永來。
上山的時候幾乎沒有碰到人，見到的前兩個人蔑視地對我們笑笑，說，一天出山，不可能的！我們昨天住山上的，現在才出山！
11：20--12：05，藍天凹，飯。景色不錯，但內心的不確定性因素太讓人焦灼，吃完飯就走人。
12：22，上雪堂。有一段小路甚至以為走錯了，見不到路，沒有人可以問，也沒有標志可以找。這一路很悶。
12：47-13：05，下雪堂。逍遙人家，看到那里有無數的驢子在開飯，唏噓一番，繼續開步。
15：30，逍遙河水電站，問過山里人家，言時間緊迫，要趕，于是沒來得及看一眼發電機組。

15：11，江南第一關。一直都以為沒到過這個地方，回來翻了照片才覺悟。期間碰到三個騎小自行車上山的老外，這一路的風景最贊。 

 
16：00，魚川汽車站。剛問完路，車就來了。

在績溪火車站買到票，兩個人在有意思有意思地聊天，火車是23：38出站，最慢的那種無空調車，買的是無坐票，上車以后倒是有位子坐，臥鋪是輪不到補了，晃晃悠悠一路睡過來，也迷迷糊糊地聊了會天，上海就到了，正好中午11點。

相機最后是沒電了，油菜花田和徽式建筑鑲嵌的畫面其實很寧靜，泥墻和木門給人一種很懷舊的感覺，都沒辦法記錄下來，帶回來的幾張照片，看了好多次，還想再去拍一遍。

    早上去拍畢業照，還沒等坐定，攝影師已經喊到三，一張茫然的臉就這樣被定格下來，將來被刷在畢業證書上面，跟我一輩子。

    日子還是這樣在不知不覺中溜過去了，雖然我很是不耐，很想干點什么來挽留它，或者是拖延它，哪怕只是一個安慰也好，起碼不至于太過于碌碌無為，可惜，每次安靜下來的時候，都覺得自己雖然是沒閑著，卻不知干了點啥。

    逛街的時候腳被一雙布鞋擠壓著，居然也能很疼，然而店里面的鞋子都很貴，隨便拿個一雙出來都可以掏空我的錢包，于是張望許久，只能繼續忍著。

   101昨晚說，在日本過得很辛苦，但為了車子房子老婆，還是要拼命。老王要去廣東出差，每天往返市區和松江之間已經夠辛苦，雙休日還要兼職，還要給自己添置工作服，除了忙還是忙。

   我還在掙扎些什么……一個無所事事的家伙……

     從辦公室剪了兩條這樣的布頭回來，因為是按平針織的，卷邊性暴露無遺。于是試樣準備就意味著縫邊，縫邊就意味著無數麻煩的針線活……

    步驟一：利用咖啡盒剪一塊長方形的卡片，翻出雪藏兩年無用武之地的衣夾若干，鋪開面料將其固定在咖啡盒上面。

tips:經緯向當然要對齊，還有就是不能產生應力，不然布會被拉開，影響尺寸大小。

步驟二：剪一塊6cm×6cm的小塑料片，蓋在布上面對齊經緯向，然后用紅筆畫出輪廓。

tips：最煩的是經緯一定要對齊！討厭的夾子千萬不要把布給拉開了！

步驟三： 縫邊開始了！往哪邊卷就往另外一邊對折，然后用線固定住。當然縫住的寬度是越寬越不容易翹咯，只可惜實驗只允許進6cm寬的條子，作孽啊！我就只能縫那么那么窄的一條邊了！結果可想而知……哎……